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Dist. 15, Part 1, Dubia

Book I: On the Mystery of the Trinity · Distinction 15

Textus Latinus
p. 266

DUBIA CIRCA LITTERAM MAGISTRI.

DUB. I.

In parte ista sunt dubitationes circa litteram, et primo dubitatur de hoc quod dicit, quod Spiritus sanctus donatur non tantum a Patre et Filio, sed etiam datur a se ipso. Videtur dicere falsum, quia supra1 fecit argumentum, quod non potest dari a sanctis viris, quia non potest ab ipsis procedere; sed non potest a se ipso procedere: ergo pari ratione non potest dari a se.

Respondeo: Dicendum, quod Magister2 arguebat de processione temporali, et de hac bene concedit ipse, quod procedit a se, eo quod propriae potestatis est, ut spiret in eum, in quem vult; sed sancti viri non habent posse in eum.

DUB. II.

Item quaeritur de hoc quod dicit, quod donum Spiritus sancti nihil aliud est quam ipse Spiritus sanctus, sicut corpus carnis nihil aliud est quam caro3. Videtur enim, si similitudo bona est, ut omne quod est donum Spiritus sancti, sit Spiritus sanctus. Sed contra: timor4 est donum Spiritus sancti, et non est Spiritus sanctus.

Respondeo: Dicendum, quod donum, cum dicat5 relationem ac per hoc quodam modo distinctionem, potest illam importare tripliciter: aut secundum modum intelligendi, aut secundum modum essendi, aut secundum essentiam. Primo modo idem est dans et datum, sicut «idem intelligens et intellectum6», et differens ratione modi dicendi, quia datur idem a se; et sic intelligit Augustinus. Alio modo secundum modum essendi sive se habendi, qui alius est et alius in personis; et sic dicit relationem personae ad personam. Tertio modo importat distinctionem secundum essentiam, prout dicit effectum7 et respectum creaturae ad essentiam increatam; et hoc modo timor dicitur donum Spiritus sancti; sed hoc infra melius patebit8.

DUB. III.

Item quaeritur de ratione Magistri, qua dicit: Si Pater et Filius dant Spiritum sanctum, et Spiritus sanctus non dat se, aliquid potest Pater et Filius, quod non potest Spiritus sanctus; quia ista ratio, ut supra dictum est9, non valet: Pater potest generare Filium, et Filius non potest: ergo Pater potest aliquid quod non potest Filius: ergo pari ratione, cum Spiritus sanctus dicat10 personam ut Filius, non valet. Si tu dicas, quod non est simile propter actum donandi11, qui est operatio in creatura; contra: sicut dicit Magister in littera12, Spiritus sancti donatio est eius processio; sed illud argumentum nihil valet: Spiritus sanctus procedit, et Pater non: ergo aliquid facit Spiritus sanctus, quod non Pater: ergo similiter nec in proposito. Si tu dicas mihi, quod non est simile de activa et passiva; contra: inflexio nominis per casus non variat significationem: ergo similiter videtur, quod nec ibi sit variatio per activum et passivum. Et si tu dicas, quod non est simile; ostenditur, quod sic; quia omnis activa infert passivam: ergo videtur, quod si in voce activa tenetur13 essentialiter, quod similiter in passiva.

Respondeo: Dicendum, quod, sicut praedeterminatum est14, rationes Magistri bonae sunt, quia ipse accipit dare, secundum quod dicit effectum in creatura; et secundum hoc commune est tribus personis necessario, et hoc in activa significatione. Dare enim Spiritum sanctum alicui est facere, quod inhabitet in eo; et ideo non est simile de potentia generandi.

Ad illud ergo15 quod obiicitur, quod Magister dicit, quod donatio idem est quod processio; dicendum, quod loquitur de donatione passiva, secundum quod arctatur ad Spiritum sanctum; et argumentum suum bonum est, quia ab eodem principio est actio et passio: ergo si donatio activa est a Patre, similiter et donatio passiva; similiter si donatio activa est a Spiritu sancto, et passiva.

p. 267

Ad illud quod obiicitur, quod in activa tenetur essentialiter, ergo et in passiva, similiter ergo potest dici, quod Pater procedat; dicendum, quod argumentum istud non valet, quia spirare in voce activa convenit duobus, in voce passiva convenit uni soli; sic mittere potest convenire tribus, procedere vero sive mitti duobus tantum.

DUB. IV.

Item quaeritur de hoc quod dicit, quod Spiritus sanctus procedit a se. Videtur enim falsum, quia procedere est produci: ergo si Spiritus sanctus procedit a se, producitur a se. Si tu dicas, quod non dicitur sine determinatione, videlicet temporaliter; contra: temporaliter est determinatio non diminuens: ergo sequitur de necessitate, si temporaliter procedit a se, quod procedat a se.

Respondeo: Dicendum, quod sicut dictum est supra16, processio ratione comparationis ad terminum, in quo suscipitur, creatura scilicet quae sanctificatur, de ratione nominis connotat temporale, et ideo dicitur temporalis. Et quoniam ille effectus temporalis est a Spiritu sancto, ideo et processio, licet non ita proprie sicut de Patre. Nec17 valet de productione, quia productio solum dicit comparationem ad principium a quo et non connotat effectum. Unde sicut non valet: procedit temporaliter, ergo producitur temporaliter, sic et in proposito.

DUB. V.

Item quaeritur de probatione Magistri, qua probat missionem Spiritus sancti per missionem Filii, ibi: Ne autem mireris, quod Spiritus sanctus dicitur mitti vel procedere a se. Nam et de Filio etc. Videtur enim, quod male probet, quia missio dicit subauctoritatem in misso: sed plus est de subauctoritate in Spiritu sancto quam in Filio: ergo plus de ratione missionis: ergo videtur, quod potius deberet procedere e contrario.

Item, missio dicit manifestationem; sed missio Filii manifestata est per missionem Spiritus sancti: ergo manifestior est missio Spiritus sancti: ergo videtur, quod probet ignotum per ignotius18.

Iuxta hoc quaeritur, de quo proprius dicitur mitti, utrum19 scilicet de Filio, an de Spiritu sancto?

Respondeo: Dicendum, quod Magister probat missionem Spiritus sancti per missionem Filii, quia magis expressas habet auctoritates ad hoc20. Potest tamen nihilominus dici, quod etiam ratiocinando bene procedit. In missione enim personae est duo considerare: scilicet emanationem, ratione cuius est subauctoritas in misso; et quantum ad hoc magis competit Spiritui sancto mitti21, et quantum ad hoc arguit Magister a minori: quod si Filius mittitur a Spiritu sancto et a se, multo fortius et Spiritus sanctus. Est etiam considerare manifestationem; et ratione huius magis convenit Filio, quia magis evidenter apparuit mundo, et quantum ad hoc arguit Magister a manifestiori22; et ita peroptime procedit.

Ad illud quod obiicitur, quod Spiritus sanctus manifestat Filium et eius missionem; dicendum, quod hoc non est propter defectum evidentiae a parte missionis Filii, sed propter caecitatem a parte videntium, quam removet gratia Spiritus sancti.

Et sic patet, de quo proprius23. Uno enim modo magis competit Filio, alio modo magis Spiritui sancto secundum duas praedictas conditiones.

DUB. VI.

Item quaeritur de hoc quod dicit: Filium missum, quo factum ex muliere; quia secundum hoc, cum Spiritus sanctus non sit factus ex muliere, videtur quod non sit missus. Praeterea, si Filius24 est factus ex muliere, ergo est factus. Contra: in Symbolo25: Non factus.

Respondeo: Ista non est communis ratio missionis, sed solum missionis visibilis ipsius Filii; et ideo non valet de Spiritu sancto26.

p. 268

Ad illud quod obiicitur, quod est factus27; dicendum, quod illud est intelligendum secundum humanam naturam; et ideo oportet addere determinationem, ut dicatur factus ex muliere, vel secundum humanam naturam, quia simpliciter propter errorem Arii vitandum non recipit eam eloquium ecclesiasticum.

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English Translation
p. 266

DOUBTS ON THE LETTER OF THE MASTER.

DOUBT I.

In this part there are doubts concerning the letter, and first it is doubted concerning what he says — that the Holy Spirit is given not only by the Father and the Son, but also given by himself. He seems to say something false, because above1 he made the argument that he cannot be given by holy men, since he cannot proceed from them; but he cannot proceed from himself: therefore, by the same reason, neither can he be given by himself.

I respond: It must be said that the Master2 was arguing about temporal procession, and concerning this he himself rightly grants that the Spirit proceeds from himself, because it is of his own power to breathe upon whom he wills; but holy men have no power over him.

DOUBT II.

Likewise it is asked concerning what he says — that the gift of the Holy Spirit is nothing other than the Holy Spirit himself, just as the body of the flesh is nothing other than flesh3. For it seems, if the comparison is good, that everything which is a gift of the Holy Spirit must be the Holy Spirit. But on the contrary: fear4 is a gift of the Holy Spirit, and is not the Holy Spirit.

I respond: It must be said that gift, since it asserts5 a relation, and through this in some manner a distinction, can import that [distinction] in three ways: either according to the manner of understanding, or according to the manner of being, or according to essence. In the first way, the giver and the given are the same — as «the same is the one understanding and the thing understood»6 — and they differ only by the account of the manner of speaking, since the same one is given by himself; and so Augustine understands [it]. In another way, according to the manner of being or of holding-oneself, which is one and another in the persons; and so it asserts the relation of person to person. In the third way it imports distinction according to essence, insofar as it asserts an effect7 and a respect of the creature to the uncreated essence; and in this way fear is called a gift of the Holy Spirit; but this will appear better below8.

DOUBT III.

Likewise it is asked concerning the Master's reasoning, in which he says: If the Father and the Son give the Holy Spirit, and the Holy Spirit does not give himself, then the Father and the Son can do something which the Holy Spirit cannot; for that reasoning, as has been said above9, does not hold. The Father can generate the Son, and the Son cannot: therefore the Father can do something which the Son cannot: therefore by like reason, since the Holy Spirit asserts10 a person as the Son does, [the argument] does not hold. If you say that it is not parallel on account of the act of giving11, which is an operation in the creature; on the contrary: as the Master says in the letter12, the donation of the Holy Spirit is his procession; but that argument is worth nothing: the Holy Spirit proceeds, and the Father does not: therefore the Holy Spirit does something which the Father does not: therefore similarly not in the case at hand. If you tell me that there is no parallel between the active and the passive; on the contrary: the inflection of a noun by cases does not change the signification: therefore similarly it seems that there is no variation there through active and passive. And if you say that it is not parallel, it is shown that it is; for every active [voice] infers a passive: therefore it seems that if [the verb] in the active voice is taken13 essentially, [it must be taken] similarly in the passive.

I respond: It must be said, as has been determined before14, that the Master's reasonings are good, since he takes to give insofar as it asserts an effect in the creature; and according to this it is necessarily common to the three persons, and this in the active signification. For to give the Holy Spirit to someone is to bring it about that he indwell in him; and therefore the case of the power of generating is not parallel.

Therefore15 to what is objected — that the Master says that donation is the same as procession — it must be said that he is speaking of passive donation, insofar as it is restricted to the Holy Spirit; and his argument is good, because action and passion are from the same principle: therefore if active donation is from the Father, so also passive donation; similarly if active donation is from the Holy Spirit, so also the passive.

p. 267

To what is objected — that in the active [voice it is] taken essentially, therefore also in the passive, [and] similarly therefore it can be said that the Father proceeds — it must be said that this argument does not hold, because to breathe in the active voice belongs to two, in the passive voice belongs to one alone; so to send can belong to three, but to proceed or to be sent [belongs] to two only.

DOUBT IV.

Likewise it is asked concerning what he says — that the Holy Spirit proceeds from himself. For it seems false, since to proceed is to be produced: therefore if the Holy Spirit proceeds from himself, he is produced from himself. If you say that it is not said without the qualification temporally; on the contrary: temporally is a non-diminishing qualification: therefore it follows necessarily that, if he proceeds from himself temporally, he proceeds from himself.

I respond: It must be said that, as was said above16, procession by reason of comparison to the term in which it is received — namely, the creature that is sanctified — connotes the temporal by the very meaning of the name, and therefore is called temporal. And since that temporal effect is from the Holy Spirit, therefore the procession is also [from him], although not so properly as from the Father. Nor17 does this hold of production, because production asserts only the comparison to the principle from which, and does not connote an effect. Whence just as it does not hold to argue, he proceeds temporally, therefore he is produced temporally, so neither in the case at hand.

DOUBT V.

Likewise it is asked concerning the Master's proof, by which he proves the mission of the Holy Spirit through the mission of the Son, at: But do not be amazed that the Holy Spirit is said to be sent or to proceed from himself. For also of the Son, etc. For it seems that he proves badly, since mission asserts subauthority in the one sent: but there is more subauthority in the Holy Spirit than in the Son: therefore more of the character of mission: therefore it seems that he ought rather to have proceeded conversely.

Likewise, mission asserts manifestation; but the mission of the Son was manifested through the mission of the Holy Spirit: therefore the mission of the Holy Spirit is more manifest: therefore it seems that he proves the unknown through the more unknown18.

Joined to this, it is asked of which it is more properly said to be sent, that is19, whether of the Son, or of the Holy Spirit?

I respond: It must be said that the Master proves the mission of the Holy Spirit through the mission of the Son because he has more express authorities for this20. It can nevertheless be said that he also proceeds well by reasoning. For in the mission of a person there are two things to consider: namely, emanation, by reason of which there is subauthority in the one sent; and as far as this, to be sent belongs more to the Holy Spirit21, and on this point the Master argues from the lesser: that if the Son is sent by the Holy Spirit and by himself, much more is the Holy Spirit. There is also to consider manifestation; and by reason of this it belongs more to the Son, since he appeared more evidently to the world; and on this point the Master argues from the more manifest22; and so he proceeds most excellently.

To what is objected — that the Holy Spirit manifests the Son and his mission — it must be said that this is not because of any defect of evidence on the side of the mission of the Son, but on account of the blindness on the side of those who see, which the grace of the Holy Spirit removes.

And so it is plain of which more properly23. For in one mode it belongs more to the Son, in another mode more to the Holy Spirit, according to the two foregoing conditions.

DOUBT VI.

Likewise it is asked concerning what he says: that the Son was sent inasmuch as he was made of woman; for according to this, since the Holy Spirit is not made of woman, it seems that he is not sent. Furthermore, if the Son24 is made of woman, therefore he is made. On the contrary: in the Creed25: Not made.

I respond: That is not the common account of mission, but only of the visible mission of the Son himself; and therefore it does not hold for the Holy Spirit26.

p. 268

To what is objected — that he is made27 — it must be said that this is to be understood according to human nature; and therefore one must add a qualification, so that it is said made of woman, or according to human nature, since simply [speaking], on account of the error of Arius which must be avoided, ecclesiastical speech does not accept it.

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Apparatus Criticus
  1. Dist. XIV. c. 3.
    Distinction 14, c. 3 [of the Letter of the Master].
  2. Unus alterque codex ut ff cum ed. 1 addit supra.
    One or another codex, such as ff, with ed. 1, adds supra.
  3. Cfr. hic lit. Magistri, c. 1. et q. 4.
    Cf. the Letter of the Master here, c. 1, and [above] q. 4.
  4. Cod. A amor.
    Codex A reads amor ["love"].
  5. Ex antiquioribus mss. et edd. 1, 2, 3 substituimus dicat loco dicit.
    From the older manuscripts and editions 1, 2, 3 we have substituted dicat (subjunctive) for dicit.
  6. Aristot., III. de Anima, text. 18. (c. 4.). — Mox cod. dd a se ipso pro a se.
    Aristotle, On the Soul III, text 18 (c. 4). — Soon after, codex dd reads a se ipso in place of a se.
  7. Lectio mutila Vat., in qua omittitur prout dicit effectum, resarcitur ope mss. et ed. 1. Paulo infra, licet in nonnullis tantum mss. ut F T X dd habeatur, pro amor substituimus timor, utpote quod obiectioni magis respondet.
    The mutilated reading of the Vatican edition, in which prout dicit effectum is omitted, is restored with the help of the manuscripts and ed. 1. A little further on, although it is held only in a few manuscripts (F, T, X, dd), we have substituted timor for amor, since [timor] corresponds better to the objection.
  8. Dist. 18. q. 2. et 5.
    Distinction 18, q. 2 and 5.
  9. Dist. 7. q. 2, et ibid. dub. 1.
    Distinction 7, q. 2, and ibidem dub. 1.
  10. Vat. contra antiquiores codd. et ed. 1 dicit.
    The Vatican edition, against the older codices and ed. 1, reads dicit.
  11. Fide vetustiorum mss. et ed. 1 posuimus donandi loco dandi.
    On the testimony of the older manuscripts and ed. 1, we have set donandi in place of dandi.
  12. Hic, c. 1. — Mox ex plurimis mss. et ed. 1 substituimus nihil pro non.
    Here, c. 1 [of the Master's letter on this distinction]. — Soon after, from most manuscripts and ed. 1, we have substituted nihil for non.
  13. Aliqui codd. ut S X Z teneatur.
    Some codices (S, X, Z) read teneatur.
  14. Hic, q. 4, quae totam huius dubii solutionem magis explicat.
    Here, q. 4 [above], which more fully explains the entire solution of this doubt.
  15. Ex mss. et ed. 1 restituimus particulam ergo.
    From the manuscripts and ed. 1 we have restored the particle ergo.
  16. Dist. 14. a. 1. q. 1. Mox ed. 1 creatura pro creaturam.
    Distinction 14, art. 1, q. 1. Soon after, ed. 1 reads creatura for creaturam.
  17. Vat. cum cod. cc Et non loco Nec. Mox post quo aliqui codd. ut A G T W Z bb cc cum ed. 1 omittunt et, aliqui vero ut F H I dd ponunt nec pro et non.
    The Vatican edition with codex cc reads Et non in place of Nec. Soon after quo, some codices (A, G, T, W, Z, bb, cc) with ed. 1 omit et; others (F, H, I, dd) put nec for et non.
  18. Vat. absque auctoritate mss. et sex primarum edd. et minus bene ignotum.
    The Vatican edition, without the authority of the manuscripts and the first six editions, less well reads ignotum.
  19. In Vat. et cod. cc omittitur utrum, quod tamen in aliis codd. et ed. 1 habetur. Nonnulla scripta ut U Y cum ed. 1 paulo ante per prius loco proprius, sed falso, sicut ex responsione patet.
    In the Vatican edition and codex cc utrum is omitted, which is nevertheless held in the other codices and ed. 1. Some writings (U, Y) with ed. 1 a little before [read] per prius in place of proprius, but wrongly, as is plain from the response.
  20. Exhibemus lectionem maioris partis codd. ut A G H I M O T V W X aa bb etc. et ed. 1, dum Vat. cum aliquibus codd., interpunctione mutata, male habet auctoritates. Adhuc potest. Mox post nihilominus lectiones codd. variant; alii codd. ut H O T Y Z ff cum ed. 1 exhibent nostram, alii addunt cum Vat. alio modo, alii ut A S W perperam nullo modo, cod. I nonnullo modo.
    We display the reading of the majority of the codices (A, G, H, I, M, O, T, V, W, X, aa, bb, etc.) and ed. 1, while the Vatican edition with some codices, with the punctuation altered, wrongly reads auctoritates. Adhuc potest. Soon after nihilominus the readings of the codices vary; others (H, O, T, Y, Z, ff) with ed. 1 display ours, others add with the Vatican alio modo, others (A, S, W) wrongly nullo modo, codex I nonnullo modo.
  21. Vat. contra multos codd. et ed. 1 convenit pro competit, quae et dein, mutata interpunctione, ponit Spiritum sanctum mitti, sed nostram lectionem exhibent explicite multi codd. cum ed. 1; aliqui propter abbreviationem dubiae sunt lectionis. Paulo infra post multo fortius et cod. I addit a se, dum cod. dd habet multo fortius Spiritus sanctus mittitur a se.
    The Vatican edition, against many codices and ed. 1, reads convenit for competit, which then, with the punctuation altered, puts Spiritum sanctum mitti; but many codices with ed. 1 explicitly display our reading; some on account of abbreviation are of doubtful reading. A little further on, after multo fortius et, codex I adds a se, while codex dd has multo fortius Spiritus sanctus mittitur a se.
  22. In mss. et edd. 1, 2, 3 minori pro manifestiori, sed falso. Cod. dd ultimas propositiones ita exhibet: Est etiam considerare manifestationem apparentis, et ratione huius magis convenit Filio, quia apparuit benignitas Filii evidenter mundo in unione carnis, et quantum ad hoc arguit Magister a manifestiori et taliter peroptime procedit. Et per hoc patet ad primum obiectum: Ad illud quod secundo obiicitur etc.
    In the manuscripts and editions 1, 2, 3 minori [is read] for manifestiori, but wrongly. Codex dd displays the final propositions thus: There is also to consider the manifestation of the one appearing, and by reason of this it belongs more to the Son, since the kindness of the Son appeared evidently to the world in the union of flesh, and on this point the Master argues from the more manifest, and so proceeds most excellently. And by this the [response] to the first objection is plain: To what is objected secondly, etc.
  23. Vat. sibi non constans et contra plurimos codd. nec non ed. 1 prius; pauci codd. per prius, quod tamen cum subnexis minus convenit. Cod. dd: Sic etiam patet, de quo proprius dicatur missio. Mox post alio modo ex antiquioribus mss. et ed. 1 supplevimus magis.
    The Vatican edition, inconsistent with itself and against most codices as well as ed. 1, reads prius; a few codices read per prius, which however accords less with what follows. Codex dd: So also it is plain of which mission is more properly said. Soon after alio modo, from the older manuscripts and ed. 1 we have supplied magis.
  24. In cod. W additur Dei.
    In codex W, Dei is added.
  25. Vat., obnitentibus mss. et sex primis edd., per Symbolum.
    The Vatican edition, with the manuscripts and the first six editions resisting, reads per Symbolum.
  26. Vat. praeter fidem mss. et ed. 1 se pro Spiritu sancto.
    The Vatican edition, against the testimony of the manuscripts and ed. 1, reads se for Spiritu sancto.
  27. Errorem, qui in mss. et edd. irrepsit, scil. post quod addendo non, quique ortus esse videtur ex permutatione ultimae obiectionis cum propositione post Contra, emendavimus eliminando particulam non, quae etiam in cod. H expuncta conspicitur. Idem dubium recurrit III. Sent. d. 1. dub. 2, ex quo emendatio a nobis facta comprobatur. Cod. I legendo non factus paulo infra ponit divinam pro humanam, sed cum subnexis incohaerenter. Vat. non est intelligendum nisi loco est intelligendum, sed absque fide mss. et ed. 1. — Cod. cc cum ed. 2 retinet non, sed omittit nisi, at contra subnexa. Nempe propositionem, quae est: Filius est factus.
    An error which had crept into the manuscripts and editions — namely, the addition of non after quod — and which seems to have arisen from the permutation of the last objection with the proposition after Contra, we have emended by eliminating the particle non, which is also seen expunged in codex H. The same doubt recurs at III Sent. d. 1, dub. 2, by which our emendation is confirmed. Codex I, reading non factus, a little further on puts divinam for humanam, but inconsistently with what follows. The Vatican edition reads non est intelligendum nisi in place of est intelligendum, but without the testimony of the manuscripts and ed. 1. — Codex cc with ed. 2 retains non, but omits nisi, again contrary to what follows. [Understand] Nempe — namely, the proposition which is: The Son is made.
Dist. 15, Part 2, Art. 1, Q. 3Dist. 15, Part 2, Dubia