Bonaventure — Opera Omnia

Dist. 15, Art. 1, Q. 3

Book II: On the Creation of Things · Distinction 15

Textus Latinus

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Quaestio III. Utrum corpora animalium magis constent ex elementis passivis quam activis.

Tertio quaeritur, utrum corpora animalium magis constent ex elementis passivis quam activis¹, vel e converso. Et quod magis ex elementis passivis, videtur:

Pro 1. opinione.

1. Per Scripturam², quae dicit ea facta ex terra et aqua; hoc autem non est dictum, quod quodlibet illorum elementorum sit animalium sensibilium tota materia: ergo dictum est per praedominantiam.

2. Item, sicut vult Philosophus³, « ex eisdem constant animalia, ex quibus nutriuntur »; sed animalia maxime nutriuntur ex aqua et terra per cibum et potum: ergo etc.

3. Item, ex eis maxime constituuntur corpora, in quibus magis requiescunt, quia quies attenditur penes appetitum, et appetitus intentio penes quantitatem praedominantis: si ergo omnia animalia maxime requiescunt in aqua vel in terra, videtur, quod ex eis sint maxime constituta⁴.

4. Item, in compositione corporis animalis membra officialia fiunt ex consimilibus, et consimilia ex humoribus; sed in humoribus maxime dominatur natura aquea, et in membris solidis maxime dominatur terrea: ergo si elementa non veniunt ad constitutionem corporis animalis nisi per humores et membra, videtur, quod omnia animalia ex his duobus elementis maxime sint constituta⁵.

Ad oppositum arguitur sic.

Pro 2. opinione.

1. Sicut vult Philosophus⁶, « vita maxime est per calidum et humidum »: ergo si omnia animalia vivunt, in eis abundat et praedominatur calidum et humidum, ergo et illud elementum, cui haec principaliter insunt; hoc autem elementum est activum, scilicet aër: ergo etc.

2. Item, sicut vult Augustinus super Genesim ad litteram, libro tertio⁷, et de Anima et spiritu, lux est illud quo mediante corpus unitur animae, et anima regit corpus: ergo si lux praecipue reperitur in igne, videtur, quod in corpore cuiuslibet animalis natura ignis debeat praedominari.

3. Item, anima sensitiva, sicut est principium sensus, ita est principium motus⁸: ergo animalium

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corpora non tantum ad sensum, sed etiam ad motum debent esse habilia; sed elementa gravia sunt minime ad motum habilia, et haec sunt elementa passiva: ergo videtur, quod animalium corpora magis constent ex activis quam passivis.

4. Item, nobili perfectioni debet respondere nobile perfectibile⁹; sed anima sensibilis est perfectio valde nobilis: ergo corpus illius ex his elementis maxime debet constitui, quae sunt nobiliora inter corpora simplicia; haec autem sunt elementa activa, non passiva: ergo etc. Replicatur. Si tu dicas ad hoc, quod animalium corpora plus constituuntur ex elementis activis quam passivis secundum quantitatem virtutis, non molis; obiicitur contra hoc, quia motus sequitur naturam praedominantis secundum quantitatem¹⁰; sed aves moventur sursum: ergo videtur, quod in eis secundum quantitatem praedominentur elementa, quae sunt nata ferri sursum. Haec autem sunt activa, et non passiva, ut ignis et aër: ergo etc.

5. Item, volatilia sunt ad ornatum aëris; sed ornatus proprie et debite collocatur in eo quod ornatur, nullum autem corpus proprie et debite ordinatur in aëre, nisi in quo dominantur elementa activa: ergo si avium corpora ibi ordinantur ut ipsum ornantia, videtur, quod in eis praedominentur elementa activa. Quodsi non proprie ibi locantur, quia ibi non requiescunt, sed magis in terra; videtur, quod potius debeant dici volatilia ad ornatum terrae quam aëris, cui Scriptura contradicit¹¹.

Conclusio.

In animalium corporibus elementa passiva praedominantur quoad quantitatem molis, activa autem quoad quantitatem virtutis.

Respondeo: Dicendum, quod secundum quod Duplex quantitas et praedominantia. duplex est quantitas, videlicet molis et virtutis, secundum hoc dupliciter potest attendi elementorum praedominantia, videlicet quantum ad molem et quantum ad virtutem. Si enim loquamur de praedominantia quantum ad molem, sic in corporibus animalium praedominantur elementa passiva, et ideo Conclusio 1. ex eis maxime dicuntur esse facta. Si autem loquamur quantum ad quantitatem virtutis, cum corpus complexionatum sit natum regi ab anima mediantibus elementis activis, sic praedominantur in eis elementa activa. Conclusio 2.

Ratio ex fine, tripliciter. Ratio autem huius, quare elementa activa et passiva secundum hanc duplicem quantitatem virtutis et molis vicissim praedominantur, sumitur ex parte finis. Finis enim imponit necessitatem his quae sunt ad finem; finis autem corporis complexionati anima est, in quantum dat ei vitam et sensum et motum¹². — Idoneitas ad vitam. Ad vitam autem corpus illud non esset habile, si praedominarentur ibi elementa passiva quantum ad quantitatem et virtutem, propter sui grossitiem et soliditatem, sicut sunt corpora mineralia. Similiter nec esset habile, si praedominarentur ei elementa activa quantum ad virtutem et quantitatem¹³, quia statim consumerentur elementa passiva, nec esset quod posset vegetari ab anima. Et ita oportuit, quod ex quadam mutua praedominantia consurgeret quaedam mutua concordia et proportio, ex qua corpus illud esset aptum ad vitam suscipiendam et animam, quae est quasi quaedam harmonia¹⁴.

Item ad sensum. Ad sensum similiter idoneum non esset, nisi praedominaretur natura passivi elementi quantum ad molem, quia tactus est primus inter omnes sensus animalis, in quo sensu praedominatur terra; et ita, si non praedominaretur terra in corpore, non esset idoneum ad tactum: ergo nec ad aliquem sensum. Similiter oportet ad hoc, quod sit idoneum ad sensum, quod praedominetur in eo ignis quantum ad virtutem sive calorem. Calor enim et spiritus sunt instrumenta virtutis sensitivae, et hoc est quod dicit Augustinus super Genesim ad litteram libro tertio¹⁵: « Tactus, qui est quintus in sensibus, terreno elemento magis congruit; proinde per totum corpus animantis, quod maxime ex terra est, tacta sentiuntur ». Et post: « Anima, cui sentiendi vis est, cum corporea non sit, per subtilius corpus agitat vigorem sentiendi; inchoat namque motum in omnibus sensibus per subtilitatem ignis ». Et ita ex hoc patet, quod ad hoc, quod corpus sit idoneum ad sensum, necesse est, elementorum activorum et passivorum esse mutuum praedominium.

Item ad motum. Similiter ad hoc, quod sit idoneum ad motum, necesse est, quod elementa activa virtualiter praedominentur, mediantibus quibus animae vis motiva ad membra pertingat; necesse est etiam, quod dominentur passiva, secundum quantitatem molis, ex quibus constituantur membra solida ad movendum idonea. Et hoc est quod dicit Augustinus tertio¹⁶ super Genesim ad litteram: « Ignis omnia penetrat, ut mo-

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tum in eis faciat ». Et post: « Ideo autem caloris privatione, cum corpus nimie frigescit, obtunditur sensus, quia motus pigrescit, qui ex calore inest corpori ». Sic igitur propter motum necesse est, esse mutuam activorum et passivorum elementorum in corpore animalis praedominantiam, ut membra sint mobilia, ita quod vigorem et agilitatem habeant ex aëre et igne, soliditatem vero habeant ex praedominio aquae et terrae secundum quantitatem.

Aqua igitur et terra in omnibus animalibus secundum quantitatem molis praedominantur. Sicut enim aliquis artifex, miscendo terram cum aqua, facit lutum et ex illo componit statuam; sic, dum liquor aqueus terrae miscetur, fit humor; et dum ille coagulatur per naturam, fit corpus organicum. — Duplex commixtio. Dupliciter autem potest intelligi haec commixtio: aut ita, quod aquae praeexistenti fluxibili immisceatur terra; aut econtra, ut terra primum sit quasi arida, et ad suarum partium continuationem commisceatur aqua. Duplex modus producendi. Et his duobus modis producta sunt animalium corpora, et ideo quaedam dicuntur esse ex aquis, quaedam ex terra facta. Hoc autem non est dictum, quia illa quae facta sunt ex aquis, plus habeant de aqua quantum ad substantiam, quam de terra — cum omne corpus animantis ad sui constitutionem plus recipiat de terra quantum ad substantiam, tum propter hoc, quod¹⁷ ipsa est, quae praebet aliis soliditatem et stabilitatem, tum etiam quia ipsa habet parum de specie et multum de materia — sed quod dictum est, aliqua ex aqua esse facta, hoc est, quia magis in eis quam in aliis dominatur natura aquea. Hoc autem dico non quantum ad praedominium qualitatis activae, vel passivae, sed quantum ad aliquam conformitatem naturae, per quam illa quae ex aquis producta sunt, in aquis magis delectantur esse.

Corollarium. Et quoniam humor aqueus est in duplici differentia, videlicet in ratione humoris fluitantis¹⁸ et in ratione vaporis exhalantis; ideo aqua est principium duplicis generis animalium, scilicet natatilium et volatilium: natatilium secundum rationem humoris, et ideo illa remanserunt in aquis; volatilium ratione vaporis, et ideo, cum ille vapor sit commixtus aëri et feratur sursum, volatilia in aëra¹⁹ sublevantur et eousque possunt ascendere, quousque inveniant aërem humidis exhalationibus pinguescentem. Et hoc est, quod dicit Augustinus tertio²⁰ super Genesim ad litteram: « Iste inferior aër, qui excipit exhalationes humidas maris et terrae et ad sustinendas aves quodam modo crassatur, non nisi ex aquis accipit animalia. Quod enim eius humidum est, hoc portat alitum corpora, quae ita utuntur pennis volantes, quemadmodum pisces quibusdam suis alis natantes; proinde scienter Spiritus Dei ex aquis dicit esse producta volatilia. Aquarum enim natura bipartitum locum sortita est, inferiorem scilicet in unda labili, superiorem vero in aura stabili, illum deputatum natantibus, istum volantibus; sicut huic elemento congruos etiam duos sensus animalibus datos videmus, olfactum explorandis vaporibus, gustum explorandis liquoribus ».

Ex praedictis igitur patet responsio ad quaestionem propositam; patet etiam responsio ad obiecta, quia in corporibus animalium praedominantur elementa passiva quantum ad quantitatem molis, sicut ostendunt rationes ad primam partem inductae; praedominantur nihilominus et activa quantum ad quantitatem virtutis, sicut ostendunt quatuor rationes in contrarium adductae.

Ad replic. in 5. pro 2. opinione. 4. Ad illud vero quod obiicitur quinto, quod in volatilibus praedominetur aer secundum quantitatem, quia aër movetur sursum²¹; dicendum, quod cum dicitur, quod motus sequitur naturam praedominantis, hoc verum est de motu naturali, qui debetur corpori ratione sui ponderis; non est verum de motu animali, qui est a virtute ipsius animae. Corpora autem avium, naturae suae relicta, nunquam ascendunt in aëra, sed descendunt ad terram; quod autem ascendant, hoc est per vim animae, suffragantibus sibi pennis et spiritibus interioribus et vaporibus in aëra elevatis.

5. Ad illud quod obiicitur, quod aves ornant aëra; dicendum, quod non dicuntur ornare aëra, quia ibi magis quiescant quam in terra — hoc enim est falsum: in terra enim quiescunt et ab ea recipiunt alimentum — sed ratio huius est, quia avium actus est motus maxime in volatu²²; et quia illum exercent in aëre, ideo dicuntur aëra decorare et ornare; potissimum enim actum suum ibi exercent²³.

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English Translation

Question III. Whether the bodies of animals consist more of the passive elements than of the active.

In the third place it is asked whether the bodies of animals consist more of the passive elements than of the active¹, or conversely. And that they consist more of the passive elements, it seems:

For the first opinion.

1. Through Scripture², which says that they were made of earth and water; this however is not said in such a way that any one of those elements is the whole matter of the sensible animals: therefore it is said by way of predominance.

2. Likewise, as the Philosopher holds³, « animals consist of the same things from which they are nourished »; but animals are chiefly nourished by water and earth through food and drink: therefore etc.

3. Likewise, bodies are most of all constituted from those things in which they most rest, because rest is attended to according to appetite, and the intention of the appetite is according to the quantity of what predominates: if therefore all animals chiefly rest in water or in earth, it seems that they are most constituted from these⁴.

4. Likewise, in the composition of the animal body the official members are made from the similar parts, and the similar parts from the humors; but in the humors the aqueous nature chiefly dominates, and in the solid members the terrestrial chiefly dominates: therefore if the elements do not come to the constitution of the animal body except through the humors and members, it seems that all animals are most constituted from these two elements⁵.

To the opposite it is argued thus.

For the second opinion.

1. As the Philosopher holds⁶, « life is chiefly through the hot and the moist »: therefore if all animals live, in them the hot and moist abound and predominate, therefore also that element in which these are principally present; but this element is active, namely air: therefore etc.

2. Likewise, as Augustine holds On Genesis according to the Letter, book III⁷, and On the Soul and Spirit, light is that by means of which the body is united to the soul, and the soul rules the body: therefore if light is chiefly found in fire, it seems that in the body of every animal the nature of fire ought to predominate.

3. Likewise, the sensitive soul, just as it is the principle of sense, so it is the principle of motion⁸: therefore the bodies of animals

ought to be fit not only for sense, but also for motion; but the heavy elements are least apt for motion, and these are the passive elements: therefore it seems that the bodies of animals consist more of the active than of the passive.

4. Likewise, to a noble perfection a noble perfectible ought to correspond⁹; but the sensible soul is a perfection that is very noble: therefore the body for it ought to be constituted most of all from those elements which are nobler among the simple bodies; but these are the active elements, not the passive: therefore etc. It is replied. If you say to this, that the bodies of animals are constituted more from active than from passive elements according to the quantity of power, not of mass; it is objected against this, because motion follows the nature of what predominates according to quantity¹⁰; but birds move upward: therefore it seems that in them according to quantity those elements predominate which are by nature carried upward. But these are active, and not passive, namely fire and air: therefore etc.

5. Likewise, flying creatures are for the adornment of the air; but adornment is properly and fittingly placed in that which is adorned, but no body is properly and fittingly ordered in the air, except that in which the active elements dominate: therefore if the bodies of birds are ordered there as adorning it, it seems that in them the active elements predominate. But if they are not properly placed there, because they do not rest there, but rather in the earth; it seems that flying creatures ought rather to be called for the adornment of the earth than of the air, which Scripture contradicts¹¹.

Conclusion.

In the bodies of animals the passive elements predominate as to the quantity of mass, but the active as to the quantity of power.

I respond: It must be said that since the quantity and predominance are twofold, quantity is twofold, namely of mass and of power, according to this the predominance of the elements can be attended to in two ways, namely as to mass and as to power. For if we speak of predominance as to mass, thus in the bodies of animals the passive elements predominate, and therefore First conclusion. they are said to be made most of all from these. But if we speak as to the quantity of power, since the complexioned body is by nature ruled by the soul through the active elements, thus the active elements predominate in them. Second conclusion.

The reason from the end, threefold. The reason for this, why the active and passive elements according to this twofold quantity of power and mass alternately predominate, is taken from the side of the end. For the end imposes necessity on those things which are toward the end; but the end of the complexioned body is the soul, inasmuch as it gives it life and sense and motion¹². — Suitability for life. But that body would not be fit for life, if the passive elements predominated in it as to quantity and power, because of their thickness and solidity, as are mineral bodies. Likewise neither would it be fit, if the active elements predominated in it as to power and quantity¹³, because the passive elements would at once be consumed, nor would there be anything that could be vegetated by the soul. And so it had to be, that from a certain mutual predominance there should arise a certain mutual concord and proportion, from which that body would be apt for receiving life and the soul, which is as it were a certain harmony¹⁴.

Likewise for sense. Likewise for sense it would not be suitable, unless the nature of the passive element predominated as to mass, because touch is the first among all the senses of the animal, in which sense earth predominates; and so, if earth did not predominate in the body, it would not be suitable for touch: therefore neither for any sense. Likewise it is necessary, for it to be suitable for sense, that fire should predominate in it as to power or heat. For heat and spirits are the instruments of the sensitive power, and this is what Augustine says, On Genesis according to the Letter, book III¹⁵: « Touch, which is the fifth among the senses, agrees more with the terrestrial element; hence through the whole body of the living thing, which is most of all of earth, things touched are perceived ». And after: « The soul, which has the power of sensing, since it is not corporeal, by means of a more subtle body stirs up the vigor of sensing; for it initiates motion in all the senses through the subtlety of fire ». And thus from this it is plain that for the body to be suitable for sense, it is necessary that there be a mutual predominance of the active and passive elements.

Likewise for motion. Likewise for it to be suitable for motion, it is necessary that the active elements predominate virtually, through which the soul's motive power may reach to the members; it is also necessary that the passive predominate as to the quantity of mass, from which the solid members suitable for moving may be constituted. And this is what Augustine says in book III¹⁶ On Genesis according to the Letter: « Fire penetrates all things, that it may produce mo-

tion in them ». And after: « But therefore through the privation of heat, when the body grows excessively cold, sense is dulled, because motion grows sluggish, which is in the body from heat ». Thus therefore on account of motion it is necessary that there be a mutual predominance of the active and passive elements in the body of the animal, so that the members may be mobile, in such a way that they have vigor and agility from air and fire, but have solidity from the predominance of water and earth as to quantity.

Water therefore and earth in all animals predominate according to the quantity of mass. For just as some artisan, by mixing earth with water, makes mud and from it composes a statue; so, while the watery liquid is mixed with earth, humor is formed; and while it is coagulated by nature, the organic body comes to be. — Twofold commixture. But this commixture can be understood in two ways: either thus, that earth is mixed with pre-existing flowing water; or conversely, that earth is first as it were dry, and water is mixed in for the continuation of its parts. Twofold mode of producing. And in these two ways the bodies of animals were produced, and therefore some are said to be made from the waters, some from the earth. This however is not said because those which were made from the waters have more of water as to substance, than of earth — since every body of a living thing for its constitution receives more of earth as to substance, both on account of this, that¹⁷ it is what gives solidity and stability to the others, and also because it has little of species and much of matter — but what was said, that some were made from water, this is because in them more than in others the aqueous nature dominates. But I say this not as to the predominance of active or passive quality, but as to a certain conformity of nature, by which those things which were produced from the waters delight more to be in the waters.

Corollary. And since the aqueous humor is in a twofold differentiation, namely in the manner of flowing humor¹⁸ and in the manner of exhaling vapor; therefore water is the principle of a twofold kind of animals, namely of swimming and of flying creatures: of swimming creatures according to the nature of humor, and therefore those remained in the waters; of flying creatures according to vapor, and therefore, since that vapor is mixed with air and is borne upward, flying creatures are raised up into the air¹⁹ and can ascend so far as they find the air thickened with moist exhalations. And this is what Augustine says in book III²⁰ On Genesis according to the Letter: « This lower air, which receives the moist exhalations of sea and earth and is thickened in a certain way to sustain birds, receives animals only from the waters. For what is moist in it, this carries the bodies of fed creatures, which use wings in flying, as fishes swim with certain fins of theirs; hence knowingly the Spirit of God says that flying things were produced from the waters. For the nature of the waters has obtained a twofold place, the lower namely in the gliding wave, the higher in the steady breeze, the former assigned to swimming things, the latter to flying things; just as we see also two senses given to animals suited to this element, smell for exploring vapors, taste for exploring liquids ».

From the foregoing therefore the response to the question proposed is plain; the response to the objections is also plain, because in the bodies of animals the passive elements predominate as to the quantity of mass, as the reasons brought forth for the first part show; nevertheless the active also predominate as to the quantity of power, as the four reasons brought against show.

To the reply in 5 for the second opinion. 4. To that which is objected in the fifth place, that in flying creatures air predominates as to quantity, because air moves upward²¹; it must be said that when it is said, that motion follows the nature of what predominates, this is true of natural motion, which is owed to a body by reason of its weight; it is not true of animal motion, which is from the power of the soul itself. But the bodies of birds, left to their own nature, never ascend into the air, but descend to the earth; that they do ascend, this is by the power of the soul, with the wings and the interior spirits and the vapors raised into the air assisting them.

5. To that which is objected, that birds adorn the air; it must be said that they are not said to adorn the air because they rest more there than on earth — for this is false: on earth they rest and from it they receive nourishment — but the reason for this is that the act of birds is motion chiefly in flight²²; and because they exercise that in the air, therefore they are said to decorate and adorn the air; for they exercise their principal act there²³.

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Apparatus Criticus

Elementa passiva significant terram et aquam, elementa vero activa aërem et ignem.
The passive elements signify earth and water; the active elements, air and fire.
Gen. 1, 20. et 24. Cfr. q. praec. arg. 1. ad opposit.
Gen. 1:20 and 24. Cf. the preceding question, argument 1, ad oppositum.
Libr. II. de Gener. et corrupt. text. 50. (c. 8.): Omnia enim nutriuntur ex eisdem, ex quibus sunt. Cfr. I. de Caelo et mundo, text. 21. (c. 3.) et VIII. de Historia animal. c. 1.
Book II On Generation and Corruption, text 50 (c. 8): For all things are nourished from the same things from which they are. Cf. On the Heavens I, text 21 (c. 3), and History of Animals VIII, c. 1.
Aristot., de Respirat. c. 13. (c. 14.), eodem modo argumentatur. — Circa initium arg. post corpora in cod. A additur animalium.
Aristotle, On Respiration c. 13 (c. 14), argues in the same way. — Near the beginning of the argument, after corpora in codex A is added animalium.
De hoc arg. cfr. Aristot., II. de Partib. animal. c. 1. seqq. et liber de Spiritu et anima (inter opera Augustini), c. 13.
On this argument cf. Aristotle, On the Parts of Animals II, c. 1 ff., and the book On the Spirit and the Soul (among the works of Augustine), c. 13.
In libro de Longitudine et brevit. vitae, c. 3. (c. 3.): Augmenti enim calida humiditas causa et vitae. — Ibid. etiam plura occurrunt, quae in hoc arg. ponuntur.
In the book On Length and Shortness of Life, c. 3 (c. 3): For warm moisture is the cause of increase and of life. — Likewise in the same place many things occur which are placed in this argument.
Cap. 5. n. 7. Cfr. supra pag. 319, nota 8. — De Spir. et anima (inter opera August.), c. 15.
Chapter 5, n. 7. Cf. above p. 319, note 8. — On the Spirit and the Soul (among the works of Augustine), c. 15.
Vide Aristot., III. de Anima, text. 40. seqq. (c. 9. seqq.). Cfr. etiam supra pag. 32, nota 7.
See Aristotle, On the Soul III, text 40 ff. (c. 9 ff.). Cf. also above p. 32, note 7.
Aristot., II. de Generat. animal. c. 3: Prout nobilitate ignobilitateve animae inter se differunt, ita et natura eius corporis differt.
Aristotle, On the Generation of Animals II, c. 3: As souls differ among themselves in nobility or ignobility, so the nature of their body differs.
Aristot., I. de Caelo et mundo, text. 8. (c. 2.).
Aristotle, On the Heavens I, text 8 (c. 2).
Gen. 1, 20. et 26. — Paulo superius in plurimis codd. et edd. 1, 2 desideratur secundum ibi.
Gen. 1:20 and 26. — A little above, in most codices and editions 1, 2, secundum is missing there.
Ut insinuat August., de Quant. animae, c. 3. n. 4.
As Augustine insinuates, On the Quantity of the Soul, c. 3, n. 4.
Secundum Aristot., II. de Anima, text. 36. seqq. (c. 4.), qui etiam II. Phys. text. 88. (c. 9.) primam partem huius prop. insinuat. — Vat. molem.
According to Aristotle, On the Soul II, text 36 ff. (c. 4), who also in Physics II, text 88 (c. 9) insinuates the first part of this proposition. — The Vatican edition reads molem.
Quod anima non sit harmonia sive ipsa temperies corporis, probat Aristot., I. de Anima, text. 54. seqq. (c. 4.). — Ibid. II. text. 31. et 111. (c. 3. 11.) et III. text. 60. seqq. (c. 12. seq.) docet, tactum esse primum sensum, ad quem habendum requiratur corpus mixtum ex terra etc. Cfr. Avicenna, de Anima sive Sextus Naturalium, p. II. c. 3.
That the soul is not a harmony or the very temperament of the body, Aristotle proves in On the Soul I, text 54 ff. (c. 4). — Ibid. II, text 31 and 111 (c. 3, 11), and III, text 60 ff. (c. 12 f.) he teaches that touch is the first sense, for the having of which a body mixed from earth etc. is required. Cf. Avicenna, On the Soul or the Sixth Book of Natural Things, p. II, c. 3.
Cap. 4. n. 6, ubi textus originalis verbo tacta praemittit quaeque. — Sequens textus est ibid. c. 5. n. 7. Cfr. supra pag. 319, nota 8.
Chapter 4, n. 6, where the original text prefixes quaeque to the word tacta. — The following text is in the same place, c. 5, n. 7. Cf. above p. 319, note 8.
Cap. 4. n. 6, ubi et seq. textus habetur.
Chapter 4, n. 6, where also the following text is found.
Cod. cc et ed. 1 quia.
Codex cc and ed. 1 read quia.
Vat. fluctuantis.
The Vatican edition reads fluctuantis.
Plures codd. cum ed. 1 aëre, cod. K aërem.
Several codices with ed. 1 read aëre; codex K aërem.
Cap. 6. n. 8. seq., ubi textus originalis nituntur pennis substituit pro utuntur pennis; deinde post proinde scienter prosequitur tanquam Spiritus Dei, qui scribenti aderat, ex aquis etc.; demum ponit Quorum natura pro Aquarum enim natura [quae tamen lectio, ut Maurini adnotant, in 5. mss. invenitur]. Circa finem textus plurimi codd. cum Vat. et ceteris edd. sic hoc elemento perperam et contra originale pro sicut huic elemento, dein non pauci codd. prosequuntur congruos secundum duos etc.
Chapter 6, n. 8 f., where the original text substitutes nituntur pennis for utuntur pennis; then after proinde scienter continues tanquam Spiritus Dei, qui scribenti aderat, ex aquis etc.; finally it places Quorum natura for Aquarum enim natura [which reading nevertheless, as the Maurists note, is found in 5 mss.]. Near the end of the text most codices with the Vatican and the other editions read sic hoc elemento wrongly and against the original for sicut huic elemento, then not a few codices continue congruos secundum duos etc.
Sola Vat. quia aves moventur sursum. — Supra dicitur: Obiicitur quinto, quia numeratur etiam replic. in 4. pro 2. opin.
Only the Vatican edition reads quia aves moventur sursum. — Above it is said: It is objected in the fifth place, because the reply in 4 for the second opinion is also counted.
Plures codd. cum ed. 1 quia actus et motus maxime est in volatu; deinde quatuor primae edd. cum pluribus mss. in aera pro in aere.
Several codices with ed. 1 read quia actus et motus maxime est in volatu; then the first four editions with several mss. read in aera for in aere.
Vide scholion ad praecedentem quaest.
See the scholion on the preceding question.

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